CARDIAC PATHOLOGIES
MITRAL REGURGITATION
Mitral regurgitation is a condition characterized by an abnormal leakage of blood through the mitral valve of the heart. This valve, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, is responsible for regulating blood flow between these two heart chambers. When the mitral valve does not close properly, blood can flow back (regurgitation) excessively from the left ventricle to the left atrium during the heart contraction
Causes:
• Infective endocarditis: An infection of the mitral valve can damage its tissues and lead to mitral regurgitation.
• Cardiomyopathy: An alteration in the structure and function of the heart muscle can also affect the mitral valve.
​Mitral valve prolapse: When the mitral valve leaflets relax toward the left atrium instead of closing properly, it can cause mitral regurgitation.
• Chest trauma: Serious chest injuries can damage the mitral valve.
• Genetic or hereditary factors: Certain inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing mitral regurgitation (myxoid degeneration or connective tissue pathology).
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​Symptoms:
• Symptoms of mitral regurgitation can vary depending on the severity of the leak and may include:
• Shortness of breath on exertion or rest
• Excessive fatigue
• Heart palpitations
• Swelling of the legs or ankles
• Cough, sometimes with pinkish sputum
• Fast or irregular heartbeat
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Diagnosis:
The diagnosis of mitral regurgitation is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and additional tests, such as:
Echocardiography: This is often the test of choice for assessing the structure and function of the mitral valve.
Electrocardiogram (ECG), stress ultrasound, ETO (transesophageal ultrasound) and cardiac MRI.
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Treatment:
Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on its severity, the presence of symptoms, and the underlying cause. Treatment options may include:
• Regular medical monitoring: For mild or asymptomatic cases.
• Medications: Such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or beta-blockers to relieve symptoms and slow heart failure.
• Mitral valve repair or replacement surgery: In more severe cases, surgery may be needed to repair the mitral valve or replace it with an artificial (mechanical or biological) prosthesis.
• Percutaneous mitral repair may be an option for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
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In summary, mitral regurgitation is a valvular heart disease that can be successfully managed with appropriate medical management, which may include medications, surgeries, or less invasive procedures, depending on the severity of the leak and the patient's symptoms
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